# Lesson 3. How Lidar Point Clouds Are Converted to Raster Data Formats - Remote Sensing

## Learning Objectives

After completing this tutorial, you will be able to:

• Describe the basic process of how a lidar point cloud is converted into a raster.
• Describe the structural differences between a raster dataset and a lidar point cloud.

## What You Need

You will need a computer with internet access to complete this lesson.

In the last lesson, you learned about lidar points clouds. In this lesson, you will learn how a point cloud is converted into a gridded or raster data format.

### How a Lidar System Records Points

Remember that lidar is an active remote sensing system that records reflected or returned light energy. A discrete return lidar system, records the strongest reflections of light as discrete or individual points. Each point has an associated X, Y and Z value associated with it. It also has an intensity which represents the amount of reflected light energy that returned to the sensor.

## Gridded or Raster Lidar Data Products

Point clouds provide a lot of information, scientifically. However, they can be difficult to work with given the size of the data and tools that are available to handle large volumns of points. Lidar data products are often created and stored in a gridded or raster data format. The raster format can be easier for many people to work with and also is supported by many different commonly used software packages.

## What is a Raster?

Raster or “gridded” data are stored as a grid of values which are rendered on a map as pixels. Each pixel value represents an area on the Earth’s surface. A raster file is a composed of regular grid of cells, all of which are the same size. You’ve looked at and used rasters before if you’ve looked at photographs or imagery in a tool like Google Earth. However, the raster files that you will work with are different from photographs in that they are spatially referenced. Each pixel represents an area of land on the ground. That area is defined by the spatial resolution of the raster.

### Raster Facts

• Each cell is called a pixel.
• Each pixel represents an area on the ground.
• The resolution of the raster is the area that each pixel represents on the ground. So a 1-meter resolution raster means that each pixel represents a 1m by 1m area on the ground.

A raster dataset can have attributes associated with it as well. For instance in a lidar derived digital elevation model (DEM), each cell represents an elevation value for that location on the earth. In a lidar derived intensity image, each cell represents a lidar intensity value or the amount of light energy returned to and recorded by the sensor.

## Creating a Raster from Lidar Point Clouds

### Point to Raster Methods - Gridding

There are different ways to create a raster from lidar point clouds. Let’s look at one of the most basic ways to create a raster file points: gridding. When you grid raster data, you calculate a value for each pixel or cell in your raster dataset using the points that are spatially located within that cell. To do this:

1. A grid is placed on top of the lidar data in geographic space. Each cell in the grid has the same spatial dimensions. These dimensions represent that particular area on the ground. If you want to derive a 1m resolution raster from the lidar data, you overlay a 1m by 1m grid over the lidar data points.
2. Within each 1m x 1m cell, you calculate a value to be applied to that cell, using the lidar points found within that cell. The simplest method of doing this is to take the max, min or mean height value of all lidar points found within the 1m cell. If you use this approach, you might have cells in the raster that don’t contain any lidar points. These cells will have a “no data” value if you process your raster in this way.

### Point to Raster Methods - Interpolation

A different approach is to interpolate the value for each cell. Interpolation considers the values of points outside of the cell in addition to points within the cell to calculate a value. Interpolation also often uses statistical operations (math) to calculate the cell value. Interpolation is useful because it can provide us with some ability to predict or calculate cell values in areas where there are no data (or no points). And to quantify the error associated with those predictions which is useful to know, if you are doing research.

You will not be talking about interpolation in today’s class.

In the next lesson, you will learn how to open a lidar raster dataset in R.